The Polymer Society of Korea

Abstract

Nature creates sophisticated nanoscale structures with exceptional precision. Among these, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and protein nanocages have emerged as versatile biomedical platforms due to their superior biocompatibility and bioengineering adaptability. These structures can encapsulate diverse cargo—such as proteins and nucleic acids—and be engineered with various bioactive moieties for precise therapeutic delivery. Recently, EV- and protein nanocage-based systems have shown significant immunomodulatory potential through bioactive cargo delivery and direct immune cell interaction. This underscores their promise for modulating the immune microenvironment in next-generation cancer immunotherapies.