Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional polymer matrices for extending the service life of carbon fiber–reinforced polymers (CFRPs), though their mechanical and thermal performance is often limited. Here, we report a CAN matrix formed by incorporating divinyl sulfone (DVS) into an epoxy network, achieving excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, and malleability. Synergistic interactions between the rigid epoxy framework and the highly polar DVS yield a β-amino sulfone–based CAN composite (BAS-CP) with a high glass transition temperature of 170.9 °C and a tensile strength of 876.9 MPa. Dynamic bond exchange enables crack self-healing, durable prepreg fabrication, and reshaping of fully cured CFRPs. These features, combined with low-cost monomers and a simple synthesis, present a promising route to sustainable, high-performance CFRPs.