Effect of Substitutional Oxygen on Properties of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<em><sub>x</sub></em> MXene Produced Using Recycled TiO<sub>2</sub> Source
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MXenes are an emerging class of 2D materials with their unique properties. However, the synthesis of MXenes with high crystallinity and atomic stoichiometry in a low-cost process is challenging. We report a cost-effective method to synthesize a highly crystalline and stoichiometric Ti3C2Tx MXene with minimum substitutional oxygen impurities by controlling amount of excess carbon and time of high-energy milling in carbothermal reduction of recycled TiO2. The highest used content (2 wt.%) of excess-carbon yields TiC with the highest carbon content and minimal oxygen substitutes, which assures Ti3C2Tx MXene with the highest electrical conductivity (11738 S cm-1) and superior electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. This inexpensive method can facilitate large-scale production of Ti3C2Tx, thus accelerating global research on MXenes.