Organic Sol-Gel Cross-Linking Polymerization: Chemistry and Its Applications in Preparing Porous Materials Enabling Catalysis with Enhanced Activity and Selectivity
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Cross-linking polymerization between multifunctional amines and isocyanates before the critical gelation time yields colloidal dispersions of nano-particulate covalent networks known as nanogels. The reactive nanogels maintain their sol state for extended periods, facilitating blending with other soft materials, particularly polymers. By employing solvent evaporation of the nanogel-polymer mixtures, phase separation occurs concurrently with the sol-gel transformation, resulting in bicontinuous nanoporous covalent framework (NCF) materials. Through quantitative incorporation of enzymes or metal nanocatalysts, membrane nanoreactors capable of catalyzing reactions in batch or flow modes are created. These membrane-based nanoreactors demonstrate exceptional performance in various catalytic reactions, exhibiting precise catalytic control, remarkable long-term reusability, and sustainability, making them ideal candidates for efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic processes.