Targeted delivery of apoptotic nanovesicles modulating inflammatory responses for cardiac repair
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Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Thus, the modulation of inflammatory response could be potentially effective approach in myocardial infarction (MI) treatment. Herein, we fabricated apoptotic fibroblast-derived nanovesicles (ApoNVs) conjugated with ischemic myocardium-targeting peptide and macrophage-targeting molecule. The ApoNVs actively targeted to macrophages in ischemic myocardium and were phagocytosed by macrophages. Uptake of ApoNVs not only reduced the inflammatory responses but also increased anti-inflammatory effects of macrophages by polarizing M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages. This study demonstrates an effective delivery strategy to modulate inflammatory function of macrophages for MI repair.