Frequency-selective Acoustic and Haptic Smart Skin for Dual-mode Dynamic/Static Human–Machine Interface
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Humans provide bio signals for interconnecting human and machines through human–machine interfaces (HMIs). Voice-enabled HMIs have demonstrated limited success due to the difficulty in noisy surroundings. We propose frequency-selective acoustic and haptic sensors for HMIs based on triboelectric sensors with hierarchical ferroelectric composites. The hierarchical structure facilitates stress concentration and gradual deformability in response to mechanical stress leading to high sensitivity and linearity in triboelectric sensors under a wide range of dynamic pressures. The resonance frequency of the triboelectric sensor can be tuned using the adjustable porosity and form factors of the hierarchical structure. Our dual-mode sensor with linear response and frequency selectivity over a wide range of dynamic pressures facilitates the differentiation of surface texture and control of an avatar robot using both acoustic and mechanical inputs without interference from surrounding noise.