Device Design Rules and Operation Principles of High-Power Perovskite Solar Cells for Indoor Applications
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In this work, we report on the design principles of high-power perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for low-intensity indoor light applications, with a particular focus on the electron transport layers (ETLs). It was found that the mechanism of power generation of PSCs under low-intensity LED and halogen lights is surprisingly different compared to the 1 Sun standard test condition (STC). Based on the systemic characterization of the ideality factor, charge recombination, trap density, and charge-separation, it was revealed that interfacial charge traps or defects at the electron transport layer/ perovskite have a critical impact on the resulting power density of PSC under weak light conditions. Thus, using the suggested principle, we succeeded in demonstrating high-performance PSCs by employing an organic ETL, yielding maximum power densities.