Intervertebral Disc Regeneration Using Stem Cell/Growth Factor-Loaded Porous Particles with a Leaf-Stacked Structure
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Although biological therapies based on growth factors and transplanted cells have demonstrated some positive outcomes for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration, repeated injection of growth factors and cell leakage remain as challenges for human applications. Herein, we prepare human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3)-loaded particles with a leaf-stacked structure throughout the entire matrix (LSS), as a combination bioactive delivery for degenerated IVD. The LSS particles allow sustained release of TGF-β3 and stable cell adhesiveness. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies, it was observed that the hBMSCs/TGF-β3-loaded LSS particles can provide an appropriate environment for chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and induces IVD regeneration in a beagle dog model. Thus, therapeutically loaded LSS particles offer the promise of an effective bioactive delivery system for regeneration of various tissues including IVD.