Dual AC/DC Modes in Ionic Conductor-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are pivotal for energy harvesting, converting ambient mechanical energy into electrical power with high efficiency and low cost. Recently, ionic conductor-based TENGs have attracted significant attention for flexible and wearable electronics due to their superior stretchability and optical transparency. However, a fundamental understanding of their internal working principles remains insufficient. This work systematically investigates the underlying physics and electrochemical dynamics of ionic TENG systems to address this gap. We present findings on the precise charge-transport and interfacial polarization mechanisms governing these devices. Furthermore, while the developed ionic systems primarily exhibit conventional alternating current (AC) outputs, we introduce viable implementation strategies and performance results for direct current (DC) generation. This study provides crucial mechanistic insights essential for designing high-efficiency, self-powered electronics.