Towards the Extrinsic Combined Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradability of Plastics in the Marine Environment
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For over three decades, evaluating plastic biodegradability has relied on composting or soil-based criteria. Historically, materials were classified as "compostable" or "soil biodegradable" if at least 90% of the organic carbon converted into carbon dioxide (CO₂) within 6 to 12 months. However, growing concerns regarding marine plastic pollution—the ultimate sink for plastic waste—have shifted research efforts toward validating biodegradability under marine conditions using newly established standards. While contemporary standards narrowly define this environment by evaluating aerobic biodegradation in seawater or at the seabed interface, the unique characteristics of marine systems (e.g., low microbial density and fluctuating dissolved oxygen and nutrient levels) often result in the coexistence of oxic and anoxic microenvironments. Preliminary findings from ongoing research offer a robust framework supporting this hypothesis at the seawater-sediment interface. Concurrently, systematic evaluations quantifying the simultaneous generation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) across distinct oxic and anoxic depth zones could elucidate comprehensive, leak-free marine biodegradation pathways. Ultimately, this integration bridges the gap between terrestrial organic recycling systems for compostable plastics and the typically prolonged natural biodegradation rates observed in marine environments.













