Synergistic effect of thiol-functionalized silsesquioxane/phosphorus flame retardant blends on the properties of epoxy resins
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Thiol-functionalized ladder-like silsesquioxanes capped with methyl and phenyl groups were synthesized using a sol-gel process. The synthesized materials were characterized through gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Various epoxy blends were then prepared and assessed for their structural, flame-retardant, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, and a VOC analyzer. When compared to epoxy blends containing solely phosphorus-based flame retardants, those incorporating a combination of phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur exhibited enhanced thermal stability, improved flame-retardant and mechanical properties, and reduced VOC emissions.