<em>High-value membrane applications of biopolymers </em>
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The current market structure does not allow the bioplastics industry to reach the economy-of-scale to a level competitive with conventional products. We envisage overcoming such a bottleneck by targeting specific high-value niche applications where biopolymers exhibit a unique advantage over cost. More specifically, we assert that biopolymers need to aim for new markets where the raw material cost is not a determining selection factor from the end-user perspective. One of the most promising markets for biodegradable polymers is the membrane industry. Nearly all of the membranes and filters are now fabricated using fossil-derived polymers which are not biodegradable, and there are many high-value applications where membrane performance always takes priority over its cost. A notable example is the virus filtration membrane in the production of biopharmaceuticals, where 99.9999% virus removal efficiency (or six Log Removal Value, LRV) is required at all costs.