Vapor-Responsive Viscoelastic Glass Gel for Ballistic Impact Attenuation
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Viscoelastic materials can dissipate stress through internal friction consisting of packed entanglements and interchain interactions. However, they are easily deformed and fractured under stress due to the lack of chain packing density. Here, we introduce viscoelastic glass gels with ultrapacked entanglements achieved through deep eutectic solvent (DES) and vapor treatment. DES, a mixture of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor molecules, facilitates the packing of entanglements in glass gels via hydrogen bonds. Vapor treatment enhances the formation of interchain interactions and ultrapacked entanglements in the glass gels. These glass gels, with increased internal friction due to DES and vapor treatment, exhibit excellent toughness (120 MJ/m³) and can dissipate 40% of ballistic impact without breaking. This glass gel can be applied to lightweight bulletproof equipment. Through this study, we propose standard parameters for the damping of viscoelastic materials.