Cost-effective Synthesis of Ti <sub>3</sub> C <sub>2</sub> T <em><sub>x</sub></em> MXene Produced Using Recycled TiO <sub>2</sub> Source: Atomic scale analysis & characterizations
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MXenes are an emerging class of 2D materials with their unique properties. In this work, we report a novel cost-effective method to synthesize a highly crystalline and stoichiometric Ti3C2Tx MXene with minimum substitutional oxygen impurities by controlling amount of excess carbon and time of high-energy milling in carbothermal reduction of recycled TiO2 source. The highest used content (2 wt.%) of excess-carbon yields TiC with the highest carbon content and minimal oxygen substitutes, which leads to make Ti3AlC2 MAX phase with improved crystallinity and atomic stoichiometry, and finally Ti3C2Tx MXene with the highest electrical conductivity (11738 S/cm) and superior electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. This inexpensive TiO2-basedmethod of synthesizing high-quality Ti3C2Tx MXene can facilitate large-scale production, thus accelerating global research on MXenes.