Fabrication of Crack-Free WO<sub>3</sub> Inverse Opal Electrodes Toward Electrochromic Energy Storage Device
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The convective self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles in the presence of inorganic precursor may prevent capillary force-driven crack formation resulting in crack-free photonic crystals. Recently, a highly ordered WO3 inverse opal structure (IOS) was developed as a functional electrode due to its electrochromic (EC) and photonic properties. In this study, we fabricated crack-free WO3 inverse opal structure on the ITO glass by convective self-assembly of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles with WO3 precursors followed by selective calcination of PS nanoparticles. The WO3 IOS having macropores exhibited unique optical properties in the combination with structural color and EC property. Finally, we applied the structure as an electrode in energy storage devices. EC performance of WO3 electrodes enabled tuning of its structural color upon electric field which can be potentially applied for the direct monitoring of charge/discharge state of energy storage device with the naked eye.